Текст для перевода и реферирования (гр. 4Н-06) Nanorobots - the future triumph or tragedy for mankind?
Modern science and engineering require assistance robotic technology to solve various problems. In this case, the problem is increasingly faced by scientists who demand the creation of Giants not able to dig a pit in one motion bucket, and the tiny, invisible cars. These products are engineered not look like robots in the usual understanding, however, able to independently carry out complex tasks on the existing algorithms. These machines are called nanorobots. Microscopic robots can solve many important problems for humanity, to make a revolution in medicine, to destroy harmful otdhody and even prepare the necessary infrastructure to people for life on other planets. But any, even the most meager software failure can be fatal to mankind.
Nanorobots (in English literature also uses the terms "nanobots", "nanoidy", "nanites") - the robots created from nanomaterials and size comparable to the molecule. They must have the function of the movement, processing and transmitting information, the execution of programs. Dimensions nanorobots do not exceed a few nanometers. According to modern theories, nanorobots must be able to carry out bilateral kommunikatsimyu: respond to acoustic signals and be able to recharged or reprogrammed externally through acoustic or electrical vibrations. Also important is the function of replication - Self-assembly of new nanites and programmed self-destruction, when the environment of, for example, the human body no longer needs a presence in it nanorobots. In the latter case, the robots have to break down into harmless and bystovyvodimye components.
birthday nanotechnology is considered to be December 29, 1959 Professor at Caltech, Richard Feynman (Nobel Laureate 1965), in his lecture "How much space down there" ("There's plenty of room at the bottom"), delivered before the American Physical Society, noted the possibility of using atoms as building particles. Since then begins the creation of atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes that can not only give a three-dimensional picture of the atomic arrangement, but move them. Another point of departure in the theory of nano-robots can be considered the book "Machine Creation" American scientist Eric Drexler, in which He describes minirobotov who work on a given program and collect from the molecules of anything, including themselves.
In 1991 Professor FACS Lidzhima developed a nanotube-based fullerenes. Based on these materials are ten times stronger than steel. Also of note is American design nanomanipulators, devices, and coupled with atomic force microscopy and controlled by man through a virtual interface.
lot of nanotech devices have already been created and although they are still experimental development, and practical perspectives are evident. Designed nanoelektrodvigatel, having a winding length of one molecule able to transmit current without losses. When the voltage starts to rotate the rotor, consisting of several molecules. There is also a linear transport device, capable of moving molecules in a given distance. Also developed molecular biosensors, antennas, manipulators.
nanrobotov scope is very wide. In fact, they may be required to create, debug and maintain the functioning of any complex system. Nanomachines can be used in electronics to create miniustroystv or electric circuits - the technology is called molecular nanosborkoy. In the future, any assembly at the factory of the components can be replaced by a simple assembly of atoms.
However, in the first place Now came the question of application of nanorobots in medicine. The human body as it suggests the idea of nanorobot as itself contains many natural nanomehanizmov: a set of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and white blood cells are constantly function in the body, repairing damaged tissue, destroying invading microorganisms and remove foreign particles from different organs. By the usual injection of nanobots could be injected into the blood or lymph. For topical use the solution to these robots can be applied to the section of the cloth. One of the developed areas is the transport of drugs to the affected cells. In the usual administration of drugs is only one molecule out of a hundred thousand reaches the goal, while the nano-devices in a protein shell increases efficiency of two orders in the future will not be recognized by phagocytes as a "foreign" and after performing breaks down into harmless components. Such nanobots could be effective, such as medical treatment of cancer.
nanorobots can do everything: to diagnose The status of any organs and processes that interfere with these processes, to deliver drugs to combine and destroy the tissue to synthesize new ones. In fact, the nanorobots can constantly rejuvenate a person by replicating all of its tissues. At this stage, scientists developed a complex program that simulates the design and conduct nanobots in the body. Extremely elaborated aspects of maneuvering in the arterial environment, finding the proteins with the help of sensors. Scientists have conducted Virtual Research of nanorobots for diabetes, studies of the abdominal cavity, brain aneurysm, cancer, biosecurity of toxic substances.
logical to ask the question - when nanorobots will come into our world will become a commonplace, as personal computers and the Internet. Scientists project that age of nanobots is not far off.
Existing prototypes of the engine, the processor, the capture will be compiled into a single device, and the era of nano-robots come until 2015. All these perspectives can be realized, nanomachines will be able to recreate any objects made of atoms, will be able to rejuvenate person will be artificial food manufacturers, fill near-Earth space, and made fit for human planets and their moons.
There are, however, and fears of nanomechanics. Thus, the above-mentioned book "Machine Creation" tells the story of failure in the robot program, whereby they make all the land in a mess of themselves. The reader may also recall the "Invincible Stanislaw lemma, in which tiny robots, heritage Civilization Lyra, being primitive mechanisms, connecting millions of forming a design-minded, ready to destroy the human rights of callousness mechanism to again dive into the thousand-year stasis.
These views are not the prerogative of science fiction, they supported a number of scientists, which the press is sometimes called nanoapokaliptikami. Professor Eugene Abrahamian in his article "The threats of new technologies," he drew a situation in which Robots designed for disassembly on the atoms of waste will disassemble by a crash and all the rest. In addition, these machines will samoreplitsirovatsya. Except addition, as noted by the scholar, these micromachines can be the basis for new, even more monstrous than modern warfare.
Anyway, step toward creating nano-robots have already been made and we are once again confronted with the question formulation formulations: whether to change our innovations is our life, or we do to change it. Will we create based on nanomechanics world free from hunger, want and at the same time having the potential for development, or the road of yellow nanokirpicha lead us to the chaos of wars will depend on ourselves, but one thing is clear: the world is changing rapidly and we change with it.
But there is another view ...
Japanese experts insist on a more serious approach to the problems associated with the use of nanotechnology. Otherwise, for all the benefits of nanotechnology, the implications for human health and the environment can be disastrous. In different experiments showed nanoelements that can easily absorb pollution, and distribute them in the environment. A separate matter, developed on the basis of nanotechnology, can cause dangerous internal injuries.
Nanotechnology, in addition to positive effect in many different areas, are fraught with danger and for humanity, according to Japanese scientists. This, first of all, talking about environmental issues associated with nanotechnology. In this case, scientists say, that in Japan the situation with nanotechnology is seen in rainbow colors, while in the West are busy with these problems seriously.
Experts predict various adverse effects of nanotechnology on the world and human health. This gives rise to serious disputes and a number of experts suggests a moratorium on certain types of materials. In particular, according to research nanotubes, which represent a connection sverhnotnkih needles, similar in structure to asbestos. And asbestos, in turn, severely damages the lungs when inhaled particles. NASA experts have conducted an experiment in which discovered that nanotubes by inhalation may cause lung inflammation.
This nanoelements pose a risk to the environment is not only in the form of nanotubes. Nanoelements possess absorbent properties are much higher than normal molecules. That is nanoelements can absorb more pollution. This may lead to the fact that the propagation nanoelements in the environment there is risk of spread ими загрязнений.
